Figures
1 Material dimensions of the industrial economy 3
2 The Earth as a closed thermodynamic system 13
3 The ecosystem as an open thermodynamic system 15
4 The material economy as an open thermodynamic system 19
5 Energy consumption per capita in Britain 1700-1990 27
6 Consumption of raw materials by type in the
US:1900-89 29
7 Global toxic emissions from manufacturing by sector (1990) 31
8 Growth in GNP in three industrialised nations 1950-90 38
9 Material flows from the provision of services 59
10 Structure of the service system 62
11 Timing of environmental management strategies 65
12 Simple industrial material flows 66
13 End-of-pipe treatment of air and water emissions 67
14 End-of-pipe treatment of solid wastes 68
15 Industrial pollution prevention—improved material efficiency 69
16 Industrial pollution prevention—input substitution 72
17 System effects of pollution prevention measures 74
18 Product-life extension strategies 78
19 Providing services: improved material efficiency 80
20 The industrial economy as an ecosystem 83
21 Economics of environmental protection—the traditional view 91
22 Economics of preventive environmental protection 101
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FIGURES | ||
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23 |
Mercury flows through the chloralkali process |
115 |
|
24 |
Chlorine as an industrial feedstock |
118 |
|
25 |
Complex network of material demands and environmental | |
|
impacts |
122 | |
|
26 |
Benefit flows from third-party energy service companies |
133 |
|
27 |
Passenger transportation services in Sweden, 1950-90 |
136 |
|
28 |
Distribution of environmental loads during the life-cycle | |
|
of a washing machine |
140 | |
|
29 |
Aspects of the theory of 'natural' dematerialisation |
146 |
|
30 |
Inequality in the distribution of incomes in the | |
|
UK: 1950-90 |
172 | |
|
31 |
Trends in sustainable economic welfare in three industrial | |
|
countries: 1950-90 |
173 | |
|
32 |
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs |
186 |
|
33 |
Human-scale development: matrix of fundamental | |
|
human needs |
187 |
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