Contents
Free Power Secrets
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2
Coal in the Industrial Revolution, and Beyond 11 Chapter 3
History of Oil and Natural Gas 18
Oil Extraction and Exploration 22 Natural Gas 23
Chapter 4
Fossil Fuel Resources and Uses 27
Coal 28
Oil 32
Tar Sands 37
Oil Shale 38
Natural Gas 39
Coalbed Methane 46
Tight Sands and Shales 47
Methane Hydrates 47
Outlook 49
Chapter 5
Diminishing Oil and Gas Reserves 51 Chapter 6
The Continuing Need for Hydrocarbons and their Products 60
Fractional Distillation 63 Thermal Cracking 64
VI | Contents Chapter 7
Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 72
Mitigation 81
Chapter 8
Renewable Energy Sources and Atomic Energy 84
Hydropower 87 Geothermal Energy 91 Wind Energy 94
Solar Energy: Photovoltaic and Thermal 97 Electricity from Photovoltaic Conversion 98 Solar Thermal Power for Electricity Production 100 Electric Power from Saline Solar Ponds 101 Solar Thermal Energy for Heating 102 Economic Limitations of Solar Energy 102 Biomass Energy 103 Electricity from Biomass 103 Liquid Biofuels 104
Ocean Energy: Thermal, Tidal, and Wave Power 108 Tidal Energy 109 Waves 110
Ocean Thermal Energy 110 Nuclear Energy 111
Energy from Nuclear Fission Reactions 113
Breeder Reactors 118
The Need for Nuclear Power 119
Economics 121
Safety 121
Radiation Hazards 124
Nuclear Byproducts and Waste 125
Emissions 127
Nuclear Power: An Energy Source for the Future 127 Nuclear Fusion 128 Future Outlook 131
Chapter 9
The Hydrogen Economy and its Limitations 133
The Discovery and Properties of Hydrogen 133 The Development of Hydrogen Energy 135 The Production and Uses of Hydrogen 138 Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 140 Hydrogen from Biomass 141 Photobiological Water Cleavage 142 Water Electrolysis 142
Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy 144
The Challenge of Hydrogen Storage 145
Liquid Hydrogen 147
Metal Hydrides and Solid Absorbents 149
Other Means of Hydrogen Storage 150
Hydrogen: Centralized or Decentralized Distribution? 150
Safety of Hydrogen 153
Hydrogen in Transportation 154
Fuel Cells 155
History 155
Hydrogen-Based Fuel Cells 159
PEM Fuel Cells for Transportation 162
Regenerative Fuel Cells 165
Outlook 166
Chapter 10
The "Methanol Economy": General Aspects 168 Chapter 11
Methanol as a Fuel and Energy Carrier 173
Properties and Historical Background 173 Present Uses of Methanol 175
Use of Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Transportation Fuels 177
Alcohol as a Transportation Fuel in the Past 177
Methanol as Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) 180
Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Diesel Fuels Substitute in
Compression Ignition Engines 182
Biodiesel Fuel 186
Advanced Methanol-Powered Vehicles 187
Hydrogen for Fuel Cells from Methanol Reforming 187
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 191
Fuel Cells Based on Other Fuels and Biofuel Cells 195
Regenerative Fuel Cell 196
Methanol for Static Power and Heat Generation 196 Methanol Storage and Distribution 197 Methanol Price 200 Methanol Safety 201
Emissions from Methanol-Powered Vehicles 205 Methanol and the Environment 206 Methanol and Issues of Climate Change 208
Chapter 12
Production of Methanol from Syn-Gas to Carbon Dioxide 209
Methanol from Fossil Fuels 212 Production via Syn-Gas 212 Syn-Gas from Natural Gas 215 Methane Steam Reforming 215 Partial Oxidation of Methane 216
Autothermal Reforming and Combination of Steam Reforming and Partial Oxidation 217
Syn-Gas from CO2 Reforming 217
Syn-Gas from Petroleum and Higher Hydrocarbons 218
Syn-Gas from Coal 218
Economics of Syn-Gas Generation 219
Methanol through Methyl Formate 219
Methanol from Methane Without Syn-Gas 220
Selective Oxidation of Methane to Methanol 221
Catalytic Gas-Phase Oxidation of Methane 221
Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Methane to Methanol 224
Methanol Production through Mono-Halogenated Methanes 226
Microbial or Photochemical Conversion of Methane to Methanol 228
Aquaculture 237
Water Plants 237
Algae 238
Methanol from Carbon Dioxide 239
Carbon Dioxide from Industrial Flue Gases 242
Carbon Dioxide from the Atmosphere 243
Chapter 13
Methanol-Based Chemicals, Synthetic Hydrocarbons and Materials 246
Methanol-Based Chemical Products and Materials 246
Methanol Conversion to Olefins and Synthetic Hydrocarbons 248
Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Process 249
Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Process 251
Methanol-Based Proteins 252
Outlook 253
Chapter 14
Future Perspectives 254
The "Methanol Economy" and its Advantages 256 Further Reading and Information 260 References 274 Index 283
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Solar Panel Basics
Global warming is a huge problem which will significantly affect every country in the world. Many people all over the world are trying to do whatever they can to help combat the effects of global warming. One of the ways that people can fight global warming is to reduce their dependence on non-renewable energy sources like oil and petroleum based products.
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